What horse racing was on 30 October 2014?

52 races across 7 meetings were run on 30 October 2014: Clonmel (7 races), Enghien (FR) (7 races), Kempton (AW) (8 races), Lingfield (AW) (8 races), Saint-Cloud (FR) (8 races), Sedgefield (7 races) and Stratford (7 races). That is Clonmel in Ireland; Enghien (FR) and Saint-Cloud (FR) in France; Kempton (AW), Lingfield (AW), Sedgefield and Stratford in Great Britain. KTB's archive covers British, Irish and French racing; every result and every runner from these meetings is on this page.

What was the going at each meeting on 30 October 2014?

Clonmel: Yielding To Soft (Turf); Enghien (FR): Very Soft (Turf); Kempton (AW): Standard (AW); Lingfield (AW): Standard (AW); Saint-Cloud (FR): Soft (Turf); Sedgefield: Good To Soft (Turf); Stratford: Good (Turf).

How did the favourites do on 30 October 2014?

Outright favourites won 16 of 48 on 30 October 2014 (33.3%); joint favourites won 1 of 9. £1 on every outright favourite would have staked £48.00 and returned £46.48 — a loss of £1.52. Across every race in KTB's archive, outright favourites win 34.2% of the time (96,834 of 283,117 favourites, as at 3 October 2026). The biggest-priced winner was Rattling Jewel (GB) at 25/1 in the 1:50 32Red On The App Store/Irish EBF Maiden Stakes at Lingfield (AW).

What was the feature race on 30 October 2014?

The feature race was the 1:20 Criterium International (2yo Colts & Fillies) (Turf) (Group 1) at Saint-Cloud (FR), won by The Monarch (IRE) (7/2).

What time was the first race on 30 October 2014?

The first race was the 11:30 Prix la Fregate at Enghien (FR); the last was the 8:00 Book Christmas Festival Tickets Now Handicap at Kempton (AW).

Racing Results

Thursday 30 October 2014

← 29 Oct 31 Oct →

52 races were run across 7 meetings on 30 October 2014: Clonmel, Enghien (FR), Kempton (AW), Lingfield (AW), Saint-Cloud (FR), Sedgefield and Stratford.

Clonmel Yielding To Soft · Turf · 7 races · Ireland

Outright favs won 2 of 7 · Biggest winner 20/1

1:25 Cahir Mares Maiden Hurdle Hurdle · 2m 4f · 15 ran
1. 18. Oscar Invitation (IRE)10/3Won by 2½ lengths · J: Jonathan Burke · T: Eoin Griffin
2. 27. Mystic Lass (IRE)11/1
3. 32. Honeybrunch (IRE)50/1
4. 414. Louise Royale (FR)7/4 fav
1:55 Cashel Maiden Hurdle Hurdle · 2m 100y · 10 ran
1. 11. Sir Abbot (IRE)2/7 favWon by half a length · J: Phillip Enright · T: Robert Tyner
2. 24. I Knew Well (IRE)12/1
3. 310. Winter Breeze (IRE)50/1
2:25 www.grahamnorris.com Memorial Handicap Hurdle Hurdle · 3m · 8 ran
1. 15. Wood Breizh (FR)8/1Won by a length · J: R Walsh · T: W P Mullins
2. 24. Shantou Flyer (IRE)7/2
3. 33. Tulsa Jack (IRE)14/1
4. 68. Perrie Hill (IRE)10/3 fav
2:55 Powerstown Demesne (Q.R.) Handicap Hurdle (80-95) Hurdle · 2m 100y · 15 ran
1. 17. Diamond Dame (IRE)7/1Won by 8 lengths · J: Rachael Blackmore · T: John Joseph Hanlon
2. 21. Hard Bought (IRE)7/1
3. 314. Cloudy Morning (IRE)13/2
4. 52. Marmaladeskies (IRE)9/2 fav
3:25 Wilderness Rated Chase Chase · 2m 4f · 4 ran
1. 12. Fever Pitch (IRE)5/2Won by 3 lengths · J: D J Casey · T: A L T Moore
2. 24. Too Scoops (IRE)5/4 fav
3. 33. Ros Brin (IRE)7/1
3:55 Irish Stallion Farms E.B.F. Mares Beginners Chase Chase · 2m 2f 200y · 6 ran
1. 12. Indian Fairy (IRE)20/1Won by half a length · J: Adam O'Neill · T: Eoin Doyle
2. 24. Our Katie (IRE)5/2
3. 33. Jennies Jewel (IRE)15/8
4. 65. Urticaire (FR)6/4 fav
4:25 Clonmel Oil Raceday Thursday 13th November Handicap Chase (0-102) Chase · 3m · 12 ran
1. 12. Embracing Change (IRE)4/1 favWon by 2¼ lengths · J: D J Casey · T: Robert Tyner
2. 24. Western Promise (IRE)14/1
3. 310. Tailors Hill (IRE)9/2

Clonmel racecourse statistics →

Enghien (FR) Very Soft · Turf · 7 races · France

Outright favs won 2 of 6 · Biggest winner 36/5

11:30 Prix la Fregate (Hurdle) (Conditions) (4yo Fillies) (Turf) Hurdle · 2m1½f · 9 ran
1. 13. Blue Tara (GB)36/5Won by a neck · J: Geoffrey Re · T: J Bertran De Balanda
2. 25. Idee Libre (FR)48/10
3. 31. Shooting Post (FR)17/5
4. 48. Don'Aventure (FR)13/10 fav
12:00 Prix Kerlor (Chase) (Claimer) (3yo) (Turf) Chase · 2m 1f · 10 ran
1. 12. Tomkevi (FR)5/1Won by 2 lengths · J: Hakim Tabet · T: Yannick Fouin
2. 23. Flavin (FR)19/5
3. 37. First Moon (FR)8/5 fav
12:30 Prix de Saint-Raphael (Hurdle) (Claimer) (3yo Fillies) (Turf) Hurdle · 2m1½f · 14 ran
1. 19. Lavalloise (FR)5/1Won by a length · J: Benjamin Gelhay · T: C Martinon
2. 24. Mandorine (FR)6/4 fav
3. 315. Riskysaline (FR)246/10
1:05 Prix Bucheur (Hurdle) (Conditions) (4yo) (Turf) Hurdle · 2m 3f · 9 ran
1. 14. Piccolino (FR)3/1 jt-favWon by a neck · J: Jacques Ricou · T: P Peltier
2. 25. Cantilien (IRE)33/10
3. 36. Arry (FR)4/1
1:35 Prix la Turbie (Hurdle) (Claimer) (3yo Colts & Geldings) (Turf) Hurdle · 2m1½f · 17 ran
1. 16. King Of War (FR)18/5 favWon by 2½ lengths · J: Alexis Acker · T: M Rolland
2. 22. Auenwirbel (GER)11/1
3. 39. Blak Love (FR)90/1
2:40 Prix Jean Sens (Hurdle) (Conditions) (5yo+ Fillies & Mares) (Turf) Hurdle · 2m 3f · 10 ran
1. 18. Horabora Has (FR)8/5 favWon by 2 lengths · J: Jacques Ricou · T: J-P Gallorini
2. 21. Sandra Mia (FR)103/10
3. 32. Classic Diva (GER)12/5
3:10 Prix Colonel d'Englesqueville (Chase) (Handicap) (5yo+) (Amateur Riders) (Turf) Chase · 2m1½f · 6 ran
1. 15. Unagrez (FR)29/10Won by 3½ lengths · J: Kilian Dubourg · T: M Postic
2. 21. Virginia Desir (FR)6/4 fav
3. 38. Philiccio (FR)119/10

Enghien racecourse statistics →

Kempton (AW) Standard · AW · 8 races · Great Britain

Outright favs won 2 of 8 · Biggest winner 12/1

4:30 Come Jump Racing At Kempton 03.11.14 Selling Stakes Flat · Class 6 · 1m 3f · 4 ran
1. 11. New Colours (GB)4/5 favWon by 1¾ lengths · J: Martin Dwyer · T: Marcus Tregoning
2. 23. Les Gar Gan (IRE)6/4
3. 32. Emperor Ferdinand (IRE)12/1
5:00 BetVictor.com Maiden Stakes Flat · Class 5 · 6f · 11 ran
1. 110. Upstaging (GB)5/1Won by 1½ lengths · J: Jim Crowley · T: Paul Cole
2. 21. Absolute Champion (USA)5/1
3. 33. British Art (GB)4/6 fav
5:30 25 Free Bet At BetVictor.com Handicap Flat · Class 3 · 6f · 12 ran
1. 112. Steelriver (IRE)7/1Won by three-quarters of a length · J: Shane Kelly · T: Michael Herrington
2. 21. Pipers Note (GB)14/1
3. 36. Secondo (FR)12/1
4. 54. Mission Approved (GB)7/4 fav
6:00 Download The BetVictor Instabet App Nursery Flat · Class 4 · 1m · 7 ran
1. 11. Khusoosy (USA)7/2Won by 1½ lengths · J: Paul Hanagan · T: Saeed bin Suroor
2. 23. Landwade Lad (GB)9/4 fav
3. 34. Todegica (GB)8/1
6:30 Download The BetVictor App Now Handicap Flat · Class 3 · 1m · 14 ran
1. 13. Billingsgate (IRE)11/2Won by three-quarters of a length · J: Adam Kirby · T: Charlie Appleby
2. 22. Tigers Tale (IRE)13/2
3. 314. Heisman (IRE)5/1
4. 55. Momayyaz (IRE)3/1 fav
7:00 Follow BetVictorRacing On Twitter Handicap Flat · Class 6 · 1m · 12 ran
1. 11. Cadmium (GB)4/1Won by 1¾ lengths · J: Leah-Anne Avery · T: Harry Dunlop
2. 27. Silvee (GB)20/1
3. 36. Flumps (GB)20/1
4. 812. Tsarglas (GB)2/1 fav
7:30 Book Christmas Festival Tickets Now Handicap (Div 1) Flat · Class 6 · 7f · 10 ran
1. 17. Spinning Cobblers (GB)12/1Won by 6 lengths · J: Graham Gibbons · T: Stuart Williams
2. 22. Rocky's Pride (IRE)11/4
3. 39. Genax (IRE)2/1 fav
8:00 Book Christmas Festival Tickets Now Handicap (Div 2) Flat · Class 6 · 7f · 10 ran
1. 14. Dream And Hope (GB)2/1 favWon by a length · J: Danny Brock · T: Philip McBride
2. 27. Copper Cavalier (GB)5/1
3. 35. Clary (IRE)8/1

Kempton (AW) racecourse statistics →

Lingfield (AW) Standard · AW · 8 races · Great Britain

Outright favs won 3 of 7 · Biggest winner 25/1

12:50 32Red Casino/British Stallion Studs EBF Maiden Fillies' Stakes (Div 1) Flat · Class 5 · 7f 1y · 10 ran
1. 12. Crystal Zvezda (GB)4/7 favWon by 1½ lengths · J: Shane Kelly · T: Sir Michael Stoute
2. 27. Nancy Astor (GB)12/1
3. 34. Fine View (USA)5/1
1:20 32Red Casino/British Stallion Studs EBF Maiden Fillies' Stakes (Div 2) Flat · Class 5 · 7f 1y · 11 ran
1. 11. Alfajer (GB)7/4Won by 2¼ lengths · J: Martin Harley · T: Marco Botti
2. 27. Sharqeyih (GB)11/10 fav
3. 39. Sur Empire (GB)20/1
1:50 32Red On The App Store/Irish EBF Maiden Stakes Flat · Class 5 · 7f 1y · 10 ran
1. 17. Rattling Jewel (GB)25/1Won by a neck · J: Liam Keniry · T: Andrew Balding
2. 24. Hills And Dales (IRE)5/2 fav
3. 311. Wind In My Sails (GB)5/1
2:20 Coral App Download From The App Store Handicap Flat · Class 5 · 1m 2f · 10 ran
1. 18. All Talk N No Do (IRE)8/1Won by a length · J: Adam Kirby · T: Seamus Durack
2. 22. Little Buxted (USA)3/1 jt-fav
3. 31. Leonard Thomas (GB)3/1 jt-fav
2:50 32Red/ebfstallions.com Fleur De Lys Fillies' Stakes (Fast Track Qualifier) (Listed) Flat · Class 1 · 1m 1y · 11 ran
1. 15. Tearless (GB)4/1Won by 1¼ lengths · J: Adam Kirby · T: Charlie Appleby
2. 28. Lamar (IRE)20/1
3. 311. Wahgah (USA)9/4 fav
3:20 32Red.com/Choose EBF Nominated River Eden Fillies' Stakes (Listed) Flat · Class 1 · 1m 5f · 14 ran
1. 110. Hidden Gold (IRE)5/4 favWon by 1¾ lengths · J: Frederik Tylicki · T: Saeed bin Suroor
2. 25. Miss Marjurie (IRE)25/1
3. 31. Alwilda (GB)33/1
3:50 Ladbrokes Handicap Flat · Class 2 · 7f 1y · 13 ran
1. 15. Prince's Trust (GB)5/1Won by half a length · J: Shane Kelly · T: William Haggas
2. 24. Music Theory (IRE)14/1
3. 31. Intransigent (GB)9/4 fav
4:20 Download The Ladbrokes App Apprentice Handicap Flat · Class 6 · 7f 1y · 12 ran
1. 11. Pour La Victoire (IRE)5/2 favWon by a head · J: George Downing · T: Tony Carroll
2. 210. Mon Cigar (IRE)20/1
3. 311. Meddling (GB)25/1

Lingfield (AW) racecourse statistics →

Saint-Cloud (FR) Soft · Turf · 8 races · France

Outright favs won 3 of 7 · Biggest winner 232/10

11:40 Prix Chloris (Conditions) (4-5yo Non-Thoroughbred Fillies & Mares) (Turf) Flat · 1m4½f · 6 ran
1. 11. Vive D'Authie (FR)2/5 favWon by three-quarters of a length · J: Stephane Pasquier · T: Y Gourraud
2. 23. Adula (FR)3/1
3. 35. Valcelita (FR)17/1
12:15 Prix de Saint-Forget (Claimer) (2yo Colts & Geldings) (Turf) Flat · 1m · 12 ran
1. 18. One Way (FR)31/5Won by a neck · J: Thierry Jarnet · T: T Lemer
2. 26. Rayyan (USA)175/10
3. 311. Master Planner (IRE)13/5 fav
12:50 Prix du Brionnais (Handicap) (4yo+) (Turf) Flat · 1m2½f · 15 ran
1. 114. Miskin (GB)41/10 favWon by three-quarters of a length · J: Alexis Badel · T: J E Hammond
2. 23. Asagaya (FR)33/1
3. 36. Beyond Limits (FR)53/10
1:20 Criterium International (2yo Colts & Fillies) (Turf) Flat · 1m · 9 ran
1. 14. The Monarch (IRE)7/2Won by 4 lengths · J: Umberto Rispoli · T: Roger Varian
2. 23. Johnny Barnes (IRE)10/1
3. 35. Happy Contender (GER)25/1
4. 59. Alea Iacta (GB)5/4 fav
1:50 Prix de Flore (3yo+ Fillies & Mares) (Turf) Flat · 1m2½f · 12 ran
1. 13. Fate (FR)5/2 favWon by a nose · J: Stephane Pasquier · T: A De Royer-Dupre
2. 210. Bocaiuva (IRE)7/1
3. 38. Sparkling Beam (IRE)7/2
2:20 Prix Perth (3yo+) (Turf) Flat · 1m · 13 ran
1. 12. Flamingo Star (GER)20/1Won by 1¼ lengths · J: Alexander Pietsch · T: Waldemar Hickst
2. 24. Pinturicchio (IRE)16/1
3. 313. Visoriyna (FR)8/1
2:55 Prix de Saint-Lambert (Claimer) (2yo Fillies) (Turf) Flat · 1m · 16 ran
1. 111. Black Bird Runs (FR)232/10Won by 2 lengths · J: Antoine Hamelin · T: F-H Graffard
2. 29. Albufera (FR)43/5
3. 36. Against Rules (FR)111/10
4. 91. Wild Wild West (FR)7/2 fav
3:25 Prix du Charolais (Handicap) (4yo+) (Turf) Flat · 1m2½f · 19 ran
1. 117. Speed Pack (IRE)186/10Won by a head · J: Thierry Jarnet · T: C Gourdain
2. 29. Serenu (FR)212/10
3. 35. Pelvoux (FR)248/10
4. 64. Chene Boppe (FR)23/5 fav

Saint-Cloud racecourse statistics →

Sedgefield Good To Soft · Turf · 7 races · Great Britain

Outright favs won 2 of 6 · Biggest winner 20/1

1:00 Meldrum Handicap Hurdle Hurdle · Class 5 · 2m 1f · 14 ran
1. 15. Golden Jubilee (USA)6/5 favWon by a head · J: Ryan Hatch · T: Nigel Twiston-Davies
2. 22. Nautical Twilight (GB)14/1
3. 314. Auto Mac (GB)9/1
1:30 Durham Army Cadet Force Novices' Limited Handicap Chase Chase · Class 4 · 2m 4f · 8 ran
1. 17. Sharp Rise (IRE)9/1Won by 7 lengths · J: Brian Hughes · T: Pauline Robson
2. 21. Island Heights (IRE)9/2
3. 35. Ballymoat (GB)12/1
4. 62. Silver Gent (IRE)3/1 fav
2:00 Santander Supports J Amer & M Sweeney Handicap Hurdle Hurdle · Class 4 · 2m 4f · 13 ran
1. 113. Acordingtoscript (IRE)8/1Won by 7 lengths · J: Harry Challoner · T: Martin Todhunter
2. 26. Spitz (FR)5/1
3. 312. Snowed In (IRE)18/1
4. 414. Sendiym (FR)11/4 fav
2:30 C & A Pumps Handicap Hurdle Hurdle · Class 3 · 3m 3f 110y · 4 ran
1. 12. Rev It Up (IRE)9/4Won by 1¼ lengths · J: Alan Johns · T: Tim Vaughan
2. 24. Grape Tree Flame (GB)5/2
3. 33. High Talk (IRE)5/1
4. 41. Night In Milan (IRE)2/1 fav
3:00 Sean Magee's Sedgefielders Durham National (handicap Chase) Chase · Class 3 · 3m 6f · 12 ran
1. 16. Royale Knight (GB)11/4 favWon by 17 lengths · J: Daryl Jacob · T: Dr Richard Newland
2. 21. Lackamon (GB)10/1
3. 37. Kilbree Kid (IRE)10/1
3:30 Cummins Diesel Dash Novices' Handicap Chase Chase · Class 4 · 2m 110y · 8 ran
1. 17. Carters Rest (GB)8/1Won by 4½ lengths · J: Miss J Walton · T: George Bewley
2. 24. Oorayvic (IRE)11/8 fav
3. 33. Dynamic Drive (IRE)6/1
4:00 Straightline Construction Maiden Open NH Flat Race NH Flat · Class 6 · 2m 1f · 11 ran
1. 17. Professor Plum (IRE)20/1Won by 3¼ lengths · J: Wilson Renwick · T: Rose Dobbin
2. 24. Dean's Walk (IRE)25/1
3. 38. Smooth Stepper (GB)10/1

Sedgefield racecourse statistics →

Stratford Good · Turf · 7 races · Great Britain

Outright favs won 2 of 7 · Biggest winner 8/1

1:10 John Smith's Maiden Hurdle Hurdle · Class 5 · 2m 6f 110y · 13 ran
1. 112. Native River (IRE)8/1Won by 3¾ lengths · J: Brendan Powell · T: Colin Tizzard
2. 211. Mount Haven (IRE)11/4 fav
3. 38. Velvet Cognac (GB)17/2
1:40 gopointing At Pointtopoint.co.uk Selling Hurdle Hurdle · Class 5 · 2m 3f · 7 ran
1. 12. Street Entertainer (IRE)4/6 favWon by 3¾ lengths · J: Tom Scudamore · T: David Pipe
2. 24. Gud Day (IRE)4/1
3. 31. Debt To Society (IRE)5/1
2:10 Retro Rebel Novices' Limited Handicap Chase Chase · Class 4 · 2m 1f 110y · 8 ran
1. 15. Cody Wyoming (GB)9/4 favWon by 2½ lengths · J: Gavin Sheehan · T: Charlie Mann
2. 24. It's A Steal (IRE)5/1
3. 39. Faustina Pius (IRE)28/1
2:40 Ebf Stallions 'national Hunt' Novices' Hurdle (qualifier) Hurdle · Class 3 · 2m 110y · 13 ran
1. 114. Vinnie Red (IRE)5/1Won by 5 lengths · J: Paul Moloney · T: Evan Williams
2. 213. Summer Storm (GB)11/4
3. 311. Pull The Chord (IRE)5/2 fav
3:10 Subaru Restricted Pt2Pt Series 2014/2015 Handicap Chase (For The J. H. Rowe Memorial Cup) Chase · Class 4 · 2m 7f · 7 ran
1. 13. No Duffer (GB)8/1Won by 8 lengths · J: Paddy Brennan · T: Tom George
2. 24. Castle Conflict (IRE)4/1
3. 35. Shy John (GB)8/1
4. 66. Water Wagtail (GB)11/4 fav
3:40 AGA All Comers Championship Handicap Chase Chase · Class 3 · 2m 4f · 10 ran
1. 19. Bertie Boru (IRE)15/2Won by a neck · J: Tom O'Brien · T: Philip Hobbs
2. 22. Anquetta (IRE)16/1
3. 310. Like Minded (GB)6/1
4. 45. Ohio Gold (IRE)5/1 fav
4:10 Amateur Jockeys' Association Fegentri Handicap Hurdle (Amateur Riders) Hurdle · Class 5 · 2m 6f 110y · 11 ran
1. 19. Full Ov Beans (GB)6/1Won by 1¼ lengths · J: Miss Ally Stirling · T: Michael Gates
2. 21. Always Bold (IRE)9/2
3. 34. Speed Check (IRE)9/4 fav

Stratford racecourse statistics →

The day in numbers

From the stored results of 52 races. A favourite here is the outright favourite at starting price — the shortest SP with no other horse at that price; joint favourites are counted separately.

Outright favourites16 of 48 won33.3% · 48 races had one
The long run34.2% winOutright favourites across every race in our archive — 96,834 of 283,117, as at 3 October 2026
£1 on every outright favouriteA loss of £1.52Staked £48.00, returned £46.48 at SP
Biggest-priced winnerRattling Jewel (GB) 25/1The 1:50 32Red On The App Store/Irish EBF Maiden Stakes at Lingfield (AW)
Joint favourites1 of 9 won11.1% · 4 races had joint favourites

Meeting	Fav won	Fav ran	Races	Joint
Clonmel	2	7	7	—
Enghien (FR)	2	6	7	1 of 2 won
Kempton (AW)	2	8	8	—
Lingfield (AW)	3	7	8	0 of 2 won
Saint-Cloud (FR)	3	7	8	0 of 3 won
Sedgefield	2	6	7	0 of 2 won
Stratford	2	7	7	—

One day is a tiny sample; the long-run line is the comparison. Figures are facts from the result, not a tip.

Quick answers

What horse racing was on 30 October 2014?: 52 races across 7 meetings were run on 30 October 2014: Clonmel (7 races), Enghien (FR) (7 races), Kempton (AW) (8 races), Lingfield (AW) (8 races), Saint-Cloud (FR) (8 races), Sedgefield (7 races) and Stratford (7 races). That is Clonmel in Ireland; Enghien (FR) and Saint-Cloud (FR) in France; Kempton (AW), Lingfield (AW), Sedgefield and Stratford in Great Britain. KTB's archive covers British, Irish and French racing; every result and every runner from these meetings is on this page.
What was the going at each meeting on 30 October 2014?: Clonmel: Yielding To Soft (Turf); Enghien (FR): Very Soft (Turf); Kempton (AW): Standard (AW); Lingfield (AW): Standard (AW); Saint-Cloud (FR): Soft (Turf); Sedgefield: Good To Soft (Turf); Stratford: Good (Turf).
How did the favourites do on 30 October 2014?: Outright favourites won 16 of 48 on 30 October 2014 (33.3%); joint favourites won 1 of 9. £1 on every outright favourite would have staked £48.00 and returned £46.48 — a loss of £1.52. Across every race in KTB's archive, outright favourites win 34.2% of the time (96,834 of 283,117 favourites, as at 3 October 2026). The biggest-priced winner was Rattling Jewel (GB) at 25/1 in the 1:50 32Red On The App Store/Irish EBF Maiden Stakes at Lingfield (AW).
What was the feature race on 30 October 2014?: The feature race was the 1:20 Criterium International (2yo Colts & Fillies) (Turf) (Group 1) at Saint-Cloud (FR), won by The Monarch (IRE) (7/2).
What time was the first race on 30 October 2014?: The first race was the 11:30 Prix la Fregate at Enghien (FR); the last was the 8:00 Book Christmas Festival Tickets Now Handicap at Kempton (AW).